One of Budapest’s best-known and most beloved modes of transport, the “kisföldalatti” metro line, celebrated the 130th anniversary of its opening yesterday. Officially known as the Millennium Underground Railway (M1), the line is not only an iconic symbol of the Hungarian capital but was once a world-leading technological innovation. Today, as part of a UNESCO World Heritage site, it continues to serve passengers daily as a living historical monument. The line is currently awaiting renovation, with preparations for the investment underway.
First underground railway on the European continent
Originally referred to as MillFAV, the line—now widely known as the kisföldalatti—was the first underground railway on the European continent. Designed from the outset to run on electric power, it was a pioneering solution at the time. It was inaugurated on 2 May 1896 as part of Hungary’s millennial celebrations. Just days later, Emperor Franz Joseph himself travelled on the new line all the way to City Park. The ruler was so impressed by this cutting-edge mode of transport that he granted permission for it to bear his name. Until 1949, it was officially called the Franz Joseph Underground Electric Railway (FJFVV).
Intertwined with the development of Budapest
Over nearly a century and a half, the history of the kisföldalatti has been closely intertwined with the development of Budapest. Although the line has undergone several reconstructions and modernisations, many of its original elements have been preserved. In 1973, the entire line was renewed: all stations were moved underground, and the route was extended to Mexikói Road. A major refurbishment followed in 1995, when the stations along the original section regained their distinctive historic appearance.
World Heritage-listed stations
Today, the World Heritage-listed stations still feature white and brown Zsolnay tiles and ornate column capitals, evoking the atmosphere of the turn of the 20th century. Above ground, Art Nouveau entrance pavilions once stood; designed by Albert Schickedanz, the architect of the Museum of Fine Arts, these structures now survive only in archival photographs and in scale models displayed at the Deák Square Underground Museum, which occupies a preserved section of the original tunnel.
Foreign experts studied the Budapest system
The Millennium Underground attracted significant international interest at the time of its construction. Experts from France and Germany studied the Budapest system, and even the mayor of Berlin paid a visit. The Paris Metro—whose city hosted the world exposition where the Budapest line won a gold medal—opened in 1900, followed by Berlin’s underground in 1902, both influenced by the Hungarian example.
“Old Lady” also turns 130
Not only is the line itself celebrating a milestone, but one of its earliest vehicles is also marking its 130th anniversary. Car number 11, affectionately known by the public as the “Old Lady” and now operating as a heritage service, dates back to the original fleet. Fully restored in 1996 for the centenary celebrations, the vehicle appears in its original splendour and offers a unique experience whenever it runs. It continues to attract considerable interest and enthusiasm each time it leaves the depot for a nostalgic journey.
Awaiting a comprehensive renovation
The line is currently awaiting a comprehensive renovation, with preparatory work in progress. The project will depend on further consultations and available funding. Plans include extending the line, improving accessibility, and enhancing interchange connections, all while respecting strict heritage conservation requirements.
What’s next? Major overhaul planned for Budapest’s historic M1 metro!
