Shocking: Hungary’s society is dramatically distorted, lower classes surge drastically

A new large-scale study by Eötvös Loránd University researchers has revealed a shocking transformation in Hungarian society between 2021 and 2025, with the proportion of people in the lowest social strata rising sharply while the upper and middle classes contract.

According to the analysis by the university’s Social Research Institute, the share of the upper class nearly halved from 9% to 5%, while the upper middle class fell from 24% to 14%. Meanwhile, the lower strata expanded dramatically from 31% to 43% of the population.

Sociologist Imre Kovách described the shift as “unprecedented,” noting researchers “could hardly believe their eyes” at the scale of change over just four years.

Weak middle class raises concerns about stability of society

The findings suggest a growing imbalance in Hungarian society, with potential long-term consequences. A broad and stable middle class is often seen as a key counterweight to political elites and a pillar of civic life.

However, the research indicates that this stabilising force is weakening. While the lower middle class grew slightly (from 36% to 38%), it has not compensated for the sharp decline in higher-status groups.

Researchers warn that the erosion of the middle class could increase uncertainty and limit the capacity of society to support those falling behind.

‘Declassing’ trend affects even the educated

One of the most striking findings is the limited level of “bourgeoisisation”, a concept referring to autonomy, entrepreneurial mindset and civic responsibility.

Only 5% of Hungarians are considered fully “bourgeois”, while more than two-thirds of the population fall into weakly or non-bourgeois categories.

Even more concerning, a significant proportion of educated individuals appear to be slipping down the social ladder:

• 46% of university graduates
• 68–69% of secondary school graduates

are classified as weakly or non-bourgeois.

This trend suggests a form of declassing, where educational attainment no longer guarantees stable middle-class status: a development researchers say could become a source of social tension.

Social mobility masks deeper structural problems

Although some upward mobility exists, particularly among manual workers, the study highlights a simultaneous downward movement among higher-educated groups.

This “partial reshuffling” means that while some workers are improving their position, many graduates are losing ground, preventing the emergence of a strong, cohesive middle class.

Political landscape shifts alongside social changes

The research also points to significant political implications. Based on data collected in autumn 2025, the Tisza Party held a 32% share of support among the full population, ahead of Fidesz at 29%.

The opposition party led in most social strata, particularly among:

• entrepreneurs (36% vs 17%)
• politically active and well-connected groups
• labour market-integrated voters

By contrast, Fidesz retained stronger support among more system-integrated and norm-following groups, as well as older voters and residents of smaller settlements.

Notably, compared to 2021, the governing party lost its lead in four major social layers, including the upper and middle classes, HVG reported.

Uncertain voters increasingly drawn from lower strata

The composition of undecided voters has also shifted. While earlier they were more common in middle groups, by 2025, they are increasingly concentrated in lower-status segments of society.

At the same time, a separate group of “hidden voters” (individuals reluctant to disclose their political preferences) appears more socially integrated and often better educated, suggesting psychological or social pressures rather than simple disengagement.

Political scientist Andrea Szabó noted that reluctance to share political views may stem from perceived social pressure rather than direct consequences.

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A fragmented society with uncertain direction

Overall, the study paints a picture of a society undergoing rapid and uneven transformation. While some mobility persists, the dominant trend is downward, accompanied by growing fragmentation.

Researchers conclude that these shifts not only reshape Hungary’s social fabric but may also play a key role in redefining its political landscape in the coming years.